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-Acetyl CoA can be obtained from the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. glucose undergoes glycolysis, its product, pyruvate, enters the mitochondrion via active transport and is oxidized and decarboxylated. What are the main sources of acetyl CoA? SOURCES OF ACETYL CoA Glycolysis of glucose. Oxidation of fattyRead More →

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Pepsin Pearls Pepsin is a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food. Gastric chief cells secrete pepsin as an inactive zymogen called pepsinogen. Parietal cells within the stomach lining secrete hydrochloric acid that lowers the pH of the stomach. A low pH (1.5 to 2) activatesRead More →

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Hormones are produced by glands and sent into the bloodstream to the various tissues in the body. They send signals to those tissues to tell them what they are supposed to do. When the glands do not produce the right amount of hormones, diseases develop that can affect many aspectsRead More →

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Mesons are routinely produced artificially in cyclotrons or other accelerators in the collisions of protons, antiprotons, or other particles. Higher-energy (more massive) mesons were created momentarily in the Big Bang, but are not thought to play a role in nature today. What is a neutron made of? Neutrons contain oneRead More →

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Humans can produce 10 of the 20 amino acids. The others must be supplied in the food. Failure to obtain enough of even 1 of the 10 essential amino acids, those that we cannot make, results in degradation of the body’s proteins—muscle and so forth—to obtain the one amino acidRead More →

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Fluoropolymers, also called fluorocarbons or perfluorocarbons, can be found in a variety of household and commercial products. They are most commonly encountered as components of waterproofing agents. Other uses include lubricants, sealants, and leather conditioners. Are fluorocarbons produced naturally? Since fluorocarbons very rarely occur naturally, they must be prepared usingRead More →

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BMPs for clinical use are produced using recombinant DNA technology (recombinant human BMPs; rhBMPs). Recombinant BMP-2 and BMP-7 are currently approved for human use. rhBMPs are used in oral surgeries. Is bone morphogenetic protein synthetic? Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), glycoproteins secreted by some cells, are members of the TGF-β superfamilyRead More →

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Chromosomes come in pairs. Normally, each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total chromosomes). Half come from the mother; the other half come from the father. How are chromosomes formed from chromatin? The cellular DNA is replicated during interphase, resulting in the formation of twoRead More →

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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone TSH is released from the anterior pituitary in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. As discussed shortly, it triggers the secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. What is the effect of TSH and where is it produced? Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced and releasedRead More →

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There are two types of bond cleavage: homolytic and heterolytic. In homolytic cleavage, the two electrons in the bond are divided equally between the products. In heterolytic cleavage, one atom gets both of the shared electrons. What is heterolytic bond cleavage explain with example? For example of SN1 reaction, theRead More →