Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions Reactions that have a negative ∆G and, consequently, release free energy, are called exergonic reactions. Exergonic means energy is exiting the system. These reactions are also referred to as spontaneous reactions because they can occur without the addition of energy into the system. When can reactionsRead More →
A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring. A roaring bonfire is an example of a spontaneous reaction, since it is exothermic (there is a decrease in the energy of the system as energy is released toRead More →
Adenylyl cyclase (ADCY, EC number 4.6. 1.1), also known as adenylate cyclase, is an enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which requires the cleavage of pyrophosphate (PPi). What are the products of catalysis by adenylyl cyclase? All classes of adenylyl cyclase catalyseRead More →
The electrophilic substitution reactions include the displacement of a functional group (usually hydrogen) by an electrophile. A nucleophile is a chemical species that is also called electron donors because of the nature of donating an electron pair of electrons or one pi bond. Why is it called electrophilic aromatic substitution?Read More →
Examples of endergonic reactions include endothermic reactions, such as photosynthesis and the melting of ice into liquid water. If the temperature of the surroundings decreases, the reaction is endothermic. What are endergonic process in organisms? An endergonic reaction is one that requires free energy to proceed. An example of anRead More →
Adverse drug reactions are classified into six types (with mnemonics): dose-related (Augmented), non-dose-related (Bizarre), dose-related and time-related (Chronic), time-related (Delayed), withdrawal (End of use), and failure of therapy (Failure). What is adverse drug reaction PDF? Adverse drug reaction can be defined as any noxious unintended and undesired effects of aRead More →
To radioactively label a DNA fragment for use as a probe, one of the incorporated nucleotides provided in the reaction is radiolabeled on the alpha phosphate position. The translated nick can be sealed by DNA ligase. What is 32P labeling? 32P-postlabeling analysis is an ultrasensitive method for the detection andRead More →
The Fischer esterification mechanism is a reversible reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. … With a protonated hydroxyl group, the functional group is removed by delocalized electrons from the carboxyl group resulting in the removal of a water molecule, leaving the final product as an ester. How doRead More →
Consider the stereochemical features of the reactants to determine stereospecificity or lack thereof. o If another stereoisomer of the reactant will give identical products in identical ratios, then the reaction is not stereospecific. o If a different stereoisomer of the reactant or reagent gives a stereoisomerically … Is E2 stereospecificRead More →
Neutralization is the reaction of an acid and a base, which forms water and a salt. What are the products of all neutralization reactions? Neutralization reactions are the reaction between acid and base. The products formed are water and salt. It is called so because the acid and base neutralizeRead More →